Reproduction.

Here is the video on Reproduction from CrashCourse

What are the main structures Hank discusses?

Monday- Digestion notes!

Monday we delved further into structure and function of the parts of the digestive system.

To start with structure and function, we began with:

Mouth - teeth, tongue, salivary glands. Teeth increase surface area by mechanical digestion, while the tongue moves food to the pharynx. The salivary glands (are they alimentary canal or accessory organs?)  produce saliva which has amylase (what does this break down?) by chemical digestion.

Epiglottis - skin flap made of cartilage that closes off the trachea temporarily when you eat to prevent food from entering.

Pharynx - upper part of the throat. the junction between the alimentary canal and airway.

Esophagus  - muscular tube -transfers food (bolus) to the stomach from the mouth by a series of muscle contractions called peristalsis. tube is closed unless food is inside.

Stomach - muscular sac which has an elastic mucus lining. function - to aid digestion. Mucus lining - helps protect the stomach does not digest itself, lining cells are quickly replaced.
   1. Mechanical - churning of the layers of muscle (which go in different directions).
   2. Chemical - 2 major chemicals involved. a)HCl-breaks down everything. b) Pepsin - breaks down proteins.
We will talk more about Rugae on Thursday!


Small Intestine - muscular tube that contains and moves chyme (liquefied food) where the food is broken down even more and the majority of absorption takes place. We will continue the structure of the SI on Thursday!

Pancreatic Enzymes, made by the pancreas and put into the beginning of the SI
1. Pancreatic Amylase - substrate (what enzyme works on) starches and medium size sugars into the products = Simple Sugars (such as glucose!)
2. Lipase - substrate = fats (lipids) into product = fatty acids (with help from bile (where is this made then stored?)
3. Protease - subsrate = proteins into product = amino acids
4. DNAse - substrate = DNA into product = nucleic acids

Where do the nutrients that are the products absorbed into and by what structure?


Here is a video that may help. (reminder: the enzymes are not discussed in the video, but you should know them!)

Homework for Saturday Jan 26.

Please read pgs 634-647 in your textbook and answer the following questions.

1. Where does chemical digestion start?


2.  What are the 4 stages of food processing (digestion) in the order they happen?



3. What is the function of the liver?



4. Describe the results of digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats




5. How does the structure of the small intestine match it's function?



6. Why are certain amino acids considered essential?




6.What is wrong with the following statement:
Digestion is completed in the large intestine.

We are starting the digestive system next week. Below is the CrashCourse Video on digestion for you to review when you choose.





Remember - we will work on our case studies on saturday, so please bring your laptops!

Diseases in the Circulatory System

Today we also talked about diseases and problems affecting the circulatory system. One of the main problems are blockages in small arteries. These plaques (atherosclerosis)are formed usually with fat or cholesterol. The fat builds up due to small microtears forming in the vessels. These also cause increased blood pressure. These microtears build up fat, which in turn traps more fat resulting in a positive feedback loop. In the heart, this can cause Heart Disease. Microtears form when blood pressure is too high from dehydrated blood (not enough water), high salt, and other causes.

Some plaques lead to blockages/clots. The cells below the clot will not get any oxygen. In the heart this leads to dead heart tissue. Here is a Khan Video about plaques, clots, and heart attack.

Monday - more circulatory!

Homework: Case Study and NYT article (on slideshare at the bottom - you do not need to answer the questions yet.)


Today we focused on the parts of the blood and their structure/function.

Plasma - Liquid portion of the blood (made up of water). Carries O2, CO2, nutrients (one such nutrient is glucose), hormones (chemical messengers), waste, viruses. Function: flow through out the body bringing needed components to all parts of the body. Transport

Red Blood Cells. - No nuclei, round and smooth. Dipped in the middle. Function - transport O2 which sits on the cell. Dip increases surface area. O2 is attracted to Iron in RBCs

White Blood Cells - round when not working, changes shape to 'engulf' and 'kill' off things like bacteria/viruses. Function - fight infection.

Platelets - Parts of cells used for clotting.

Below is a video that discusses the parts of blood. Remember to be able to tell me where things are coming from or going to when diffusing into/out of the blood stream.

Homework  

Saturday... histograms and circulation..oh my!

Homework!: Review/Revisit your post lab and work on your Case Study!!!

Today we reviewed how to do your lab and the histograms involved. Below is a video explaining histograms. While we've not done "frequency tables" it might be helpful for you to make one (or several) when you revisit your lab.





We also finished our loop around the circulatory system.

From the Aorta we move to the systemic arteries to systemic arterioles (even smaller) to systemic capillaries (this is where what happens?). Capillaries are very small and numerous so they can reach every cell and gas exchange can occur.

In Systemic Capillaries, what then moves into the blood from cells? Blood then flows into venuoles (small veins) then into veins (lower pressure than arteries, thinner, less muscle) then into the largest veins (the Inferior or Superior Vena Cava - what is the difference?). From the vena cava, blood (is it deoxgenated still?) moves into the Right Atrium ( small, some muscle), contracts to move blood through a valve (what does the valve do?) and along with gravity moves blood into the Right Ventricle (larger, Very muscular, but still less than the Left Ventricle). The Right ventricle pumps deoxgenated blood into the Pulmonary Arteries (why arteries?) into the lungs (via p. arterioles -> p. capillaries) where gas exchange occurs. What gases move in what direction? This blood then moves into the Pulmonary Veins (why veins?) and then into the Left Atrium (small, low amounts of muscle) which sends blood (what kind?) through a valve into the Left Ventricle. And now we are back where we started!

More on the circulatory system and Homework for Saturday

Homework For Saturday:
Vital Signs Post Lab. Your data is under the Jan 8. Resource (Week 4) on your veracross website.

On Thursday we delved further into the circulatory system by comparing other types of organisms circulatory/respiratory systems to humans.

Worm: Through the skin, directly into bloodstream, 5 "hearts"
Cricket: Has a respiratory surface but no capillaries
Fish: Gills for gas exchange (high surface area) and into the capillaries from the gills, 2 chambered heart, and hey a fish DOES have 2 types of capillaries!

Raccoon: 4 chambers, lungs and circulatory system similar to humans

We looked at the connection between the respiratory system and the circulatory system (Where and Why are the connected?). We talked a bit about the excretory system as well (how we remove nitrogenous waste from our body).

We started to determine structure and function and the pathway of blood.
Left Ventricle - the most muscle (Can you answer why it needs this?), largest chamber, carries oxygenated blood (WHY?).
Aorta- The largest arteries. Why is it an artery? Where does it go?
Remember Aorta - systemic arteries (one of these is the carotid) ->systemic arterioles -> systemic capillaries (what type of blood do these have?)

We will continue to trace the path and talk about structure/function saturday, but in the mean time here is an abridged video of the path (what parts is it missing?)



We started talking about the make up of blood
Plasma - the liquid portion (why do you need a liquid?)
RBC -red blood cells (what do these do?)
WBC - white blood cells
Below is a link to a quick "game" on the circulatory system. Some questions we've gone over others are not as detailed, but feel free to try!
Circ. Game

Homework for Saturday

Welcome Back!!  We will be starting the Circulatory System this week. Saturday we will work on Case Studies Saturday. Your homework is to watch the rest of the circulatory and respiratory video below (starting at 5:33).

Please read the following pages and take notes! 654, 655, 658, 659. (BIG HINT: take GOOD notes!)

Today we finished up the respiratory system by analyzing the controlled air experiment. Remember when reading experiments to ask yourself the following...

1. What is the Independent Variable?
2. What is the Dependent Variable?
3. What is the Control?
4. What are the Constants?
5. How many Replicates are there?
6. What are the Confounding Variables?


We also began looking at how to start your case studies. You have to THINK CRITICALLY!

Purpose of the case study:

The case study approach has two educational goals.  First, it provides an opportunity for you to apply the basic content that you have learned in Biology to a real-life setting, medicine.  Second, it is a way for you to evaluate and enhance your critical thinking skills.  Critical thinking is a skill.  It means taking a situation, collecting information about the situation in an efficient manner and then making the best decision you can given that information.  It is an essential skill in any educational, personal, or professional setting.  When you decide what college you’ll go to, you are really critically thinking; you collect information, analyze it, and make a decision based on it.  Likewise, a businessperson needs to critically think in order to decide what type of products they offer, how many employees they need, etc.  Medicine is just one profession in which critical thinking skills are used profoundly.  

You were given your first patient who presented with several symptoms. You have to now research using your websites.

Remember:
1. Hypotheses
2. Inquiry
3. Analyses

4. Synthesis

Review video for Structure/Function of the Respiratory System

While this video is somewhat more detailed than you will need, it is a great review of the structure and function of the parts of the respiratory system!

Completing the Respiratory System

Today in class we finished up the structure/function relationships of the parts of the respiratory system. (new points are in bold)


Mouth - take in air
Nose -takes in air and lined with mucus membranes and hairs to filter particles out, the blood also warms the air (remember air then goes through the pharynx/larynx - Saturday)
Pharynx - throat, connects the mouth and nose to larynx,
Larynx - voicebox, connects the pharynx to the trachea
Trachea - tubular and ridged with cartilage.  allows air to get to the lungs and the rings prevent it from closing. In front of the esophagus.
Bronchi (2) - tube structure with cartilage to bring O2(and get rid of CO2) to/from both lungs. more ridged.
Bronchioles - lots of them, made of smooth muscle, tube structure. to get air to entire lung. 
Aveoli - stretchy air sacs with lots of surface area "bunch of grapes." where gas exchange happens. high surface area allows for more exchange, while the stretch allows for expansion when filled with gases. Single Cell layer thick. Over 300 million 
Lung - lobed structure. 
Diaphragm - wall of muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, involved in inhaling (contracts) and exhaling (relaxes). 

We also discussed how alveoli are covered in Pulmonary Capillaries (single cell thick blood vessels) that bring CO2 rich blood to the lungs, while taking O2 rich blood to all cells of the body. Can you explain what is happening in this picture?

Parts of the Respiratory System

Thursday in class we reviewed diffusion (movement from high to low concentration -ex gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries). We also reviewed how the pressure change in inhalation and exhalation works via the diaphragm.

Inhale - pressure is higher outside so air rushes in as the diaphragm contracts and pulls down to make the thoracic cavity larger to allow the lungs to expand. (Inspiration in the video below)

Exhale - pressure is higher in the lungs so air is forced out by the diaphragm relaxes and making the thoracic cavity smaller. (Expiration in the video below)

Finally, we began to delve into the structure and function of the respiratory system. Remember structure and function is one of our main topics this term. Here are a few that we talked about on Thursday. We will finish the parts on Saturday.

Mouth - take in air
Nose -takes in air and lined with mucus membranes and hairs to filter particles out, the blood also warms the air (remember air then goes through the pharynx/larynx - Saturday)
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea - tubular and ridged with cartilage.  allows air to get to the lungs and the rings prevent it from closing
Bronchi (2)
Bronchioles
Aveoli - stretchy air sacs with lots of surface area "bunch of grapes." where gas exchange happens. high surface area allows for more exchange, while the stretch allows for expansion when filled with gases.

Respiratory System

Circulatory and Respiratory systems

 

Today in class, we finished up feedback loops and discussed
Stimulus,
Response
Effector
Receptor
And Control Center
Can you identify each of the parts of a Feedback Loop?

We also started our discussion about the respiratory system. We watched the CrashCourse video and talked about the parts of the respiratory system. Why do we need to take in O2 and get rid of CO2? 

Parts: Mouth/Nose

          Larnyx
          Trachea
          Bronchus (Bronchi)
          Bronchiole
          Alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)


 Why Does Hank discuss the circulatory system with the respiratory system?

 

Body Temperature - Homeostasis

On Saturday we discussed homeostasis and examples feedback loops. 

Negative - thermoregulation (body temperature), Insulin production in the pancreas, 

Positive - Childbirth, blood clotting. 

We also discussed the parts of a feedback loop (see the video below)

Receptor
Effector

Stimulus

Response

You should also have read through the link below:

How does your body regulate temperature game

Below is the video that we watched in class. The second one is another description of body temperature regulation as a negative feedback loop

Feedback Loops

Our 2nd main topic of the term is Homeostasis. Homeostasis is accomplished mainly via feedback loops. 

Remember that maintaining homeostasis is not JUST responding to changes to your internal and external environments. Sometimes the body needs to 'swing out' of balance to help maintain or 'get back' to homeostasis (ex. running a fever to fight infection, heart rate increasing when running). Can you think of other examples?

Below are 2 videos that explain homeostasis and give examples of the two types of loops:

Negative

Positive

Can you describe the difference between the 2 types and give examples?

Feedback Loops