Today in class you started reading chapter 6 in your textbook and reviewed similar questions from the video and with your partner should have come up with definitions and things that are similar around Lawrenceville.
For example what around L'ville serves the same type of function as the nucleus? Is it different in animal vs plant cells? What about prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
We also talked about cell theory, which is? How was it discovered? Is it "proven" that all living things are made up of cells?
We also talked about why compartmentalization is important: cells need to have separate membrane bound structures (organelles) to do different functions at the same time (in which type of organism? Prok or Euk?).
What about specialization? allows different shapes/types of cells or organelles to have different functions that only they do
Size and shape - having different size and shape of cells allows for specialization and have their form 'match' their function.
See if you can identify examples of cells with each structure below: You can use the images below
High vs Low surface area
Block vs Web
Smooth vs Appendage
Connected vs Free
Motile vs Sessile
Penis - external tube that becomes erect to get sperm close to cervix in the female where the ovum would meet it. This is the male organ of reproduction.
Scrotum - external (outside the body) sac which lowers the temperature of the testes so that they have the best environment for production of sperm (which needs to be a slightly cooler temperature).
Testis - (singular for Testes) gonad of the male. the sperm (gametes) are made here
Epididymis - storage location for sperm found on top of the testis.
Vas Deferens- tube to send sperm from the testis (where they are made) -epididymis - (where they are stored) to the urethra
Urethra - What other system is this a part of??? in reproduction it serves as the exit for semen.
Seminal Vesicle, Cowper's gland, and Prostate Gland - 3 glands which make the liquid portion of semen.
3 things needed to make the liquid portion:
1. Liquid for sperm to swim in
2. Sugar (Fructose) which provides energy for the sperm to swim
3. Chemical to make female environment habitable for sperm (normally pH is incorrect for 'foreign cells'
Sperm+Liquid= Semen
On Tuesday we went all the way through structure/function of the Reproductive System.
As humans we have 2 versions of the reproductive system. What is reproduction in humans? - Reproduction is carried out by living organisms to continue the species. Can be asexual (what is this?) or sexual (using male and female gametes).
What are gametes? - Gametes are the sex cells of the reproductive systems. Each one contains 1/2 of the genetics from mom and dad. These gametes combine to create a new person!
Female Gamete = Ovum (Ova - plural). Develops/Matures in the ovaries. A female is born with all the immature ova she will ever have.
Male Gamete = Sperm. Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg. Produced and develops in the testes. Males make sperm through much of their lives.
Sex Organs Male=Testes Female=Ovaries
Gametes Male=Sperm Female=Ovum
Sex Hormone Male=Predominately Testosterone Female=Predominately Estrogen
What are hormones? Hormones are chemical messengers that are made in 1 location but used in another location.
Sex hormones are made in the gonads and sent to the whole body. BUT only some parts of the body will respond. Puberty is the brain deciding to make/pick up on these signals. At puberty, testosterone or estrogen are are sent to the body to tell gonads to make mature sperm or ova. These hormones also cause the manifestation of secondary sex characteristics
Male=facial hair, voice changes, muscle mass Female=hips, breasts, hair
Monday we delved further into structure and function of the parts of the digestive system.
To start with structure and function, we began with:
Mouth - teeth, tongue, salivary glands. Teeth increase surface area by mechanical digestion, while the tongue moves food to the pharynx. The salivary glands (are they alimentary canal or accessory organs?) produce saliva which has amylase (what does this break down?) by chemical digestion.
Epiglottis - skin flap made of cartilage that closes off the trachea temporarily when you eat to prevent food from entering.
Pharynx - upper part of the throat. the junction between the alimentary canal and airway.
Esophagus - muscular tube -transfers food (bolus) to the stomach from the mouth by a series of muscle contractions called peristalsis. tube is closed unless food is inside.
Stomach - muscular sac which has an elastic mucus lining. function - to aid digestion. Mucus lining - helps protect the stomach does not digest itself, lining cells are quickly replaced.
1. Mechanical - churning of the layers of muscle (which go in different directions).
2. Chemical - 2 major chemicals involved. a)HCl-breaks down everything. b) Pepsin - breaks down proteins.
We will talk more about Rugae on Thursday!
Small Intestine - muscular tube that contains and moves chyme (liquefied food) where the food is broken down even more and the majority of absorption takes place. We will continue the structure of the SI on Thursday!
Pancreatic Enzymes, made by the pancreas and put into the beginning of the SI
1. Pancreatic Amylase - substrate (what enzyme works on) starches and medium size sugars into the products = Simple Sugars (such as glucose!)
2. Lipase - substrate = fats (lipids) into product = fatty acids (with help from bile (where is this made then stored?)
3. Protease - subsrate = proteins into product = amino acids
4. DNAse - substrate = DNA into product = nucleic acids
Where do the nutrients that are the products absorbed into and by what structure?
Here is a video that may help. (reminder: the enzymes are not discussed in the video, but you should know them!)
Homework: Case Study and NYT article (on slideshare at the bottom - you do not need to answer the questions yet.)
Today we focused on the parts of the blood and their structure/function.
Plasma - Liquid portion of the blood (made up of water). Carries O2, CO2, nutrients (one such nutrient is glucose), hormones (chemical messengers), waste, viruses. Function: flow through out the body bringing needed components to all parts of the body. Transport
Red Blood Cells. - No nuclei, round and smooth. Dipped in the middle. Function - transport O2 which sits on the cell. Dip increases surface area. O2 is attracted to Iron in RBCs
White Blood Cells - round when not working, changes shape to 'engulf' and 'kill' off things like bacteria/viruses. Function - fight infection.
Platelets - Parts of cells used for clotting.
Below is a video that discusses the parts of blood. Remember to be able to tell me where things are coming from or going to when diffusing into/out of the blood stream.
Homework!: Review/Revisit your post lab and work on your Case Study!!!
Today we reviewed how to do your lab and the histograms involved. Below is a video explaining histograms. While we've not done "frequency tables" it might be helpful for you to make one (or several) when you revisit your lab.
We also finished our loop around the circulatory system.
From the Aorta we move to the systemic arteries to systemic arterioles (even smaller) to systemic capillaries (this is where what happens?). Capillaries are very small and numerous so they can reach every cell and gas exchange can occur.
In Systemic Capillaries, what then moves into the blood from cells? Blood then flows into venuoles (small veins) then into veins (lower pressure than arteries, thinner, less muscle) then into the largest veins (the Inferior or Superior Vena Cava - what is the difference?). From the vena cava, blood (is it deoxgenated still?) moves into the Right Atrium ( small, some muscle), contracts to move blood through a valve (what does the valve do?) and along with gravity moves blood into the Right Ventricle (larger, Very muscular, but still less than the Left Ventricle). The Right ventricle pumps deoxgenated blood into the Pulmonary Arteries (why arteries?) into the lungs (via p. arterioles -> p. capillaries) where gas exchange occurs. What gases move in what direction? This blood then moves into the Pulmonary Veins (why veins?) and then into the Left Atrium (small, low amounts of muscle) which sends blood (what kind?) through a valve into the Left Ventricle. And now we are back where we started!
While this video is somewhat more detailed than you will need, it is a great review of the structure and function of the parts of the respiratory system!
Today in class we finished up the structure/function relationships of the parts of the respiratory system. (new points are in bold)
Mouth - take in air
Nose -takes in air and lined with mucus membranes and hairs to filter particles out, the blood also warms the air (remember air then goes through the pharynx/larynx - Saturday)
Pharynx - throat, connects the mouth and nose to larynx,
Larynx - voicebox, connects the pharynx to the trachea
Trachea - tubular and ridged with cartilage. allows air to get to the lungs and the rings prevent it from closing. In front of the esophagus.
Bronchi (2) - tube structure with cartilage to bring O2(and get rid of CO2) to/from both lungs. more ridged.
Bronchioles - lots of them, made of smooth muscle, tube structure. to get air to entire lung.
Aveoli - stretchy air sacs with lots of surface area "bunch of grapes." where gas exchange happens. high surface area allows for more exchange, while the stretch allows for expansion when filled with gases. Single Cell layer thick. Over 300 million Lung - lobed structure. Diaphragm - wall of muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, involved in inhaling (contracts) and exhaling (relaxes).
We also discussed how alveoli are covered in Pulmonary Capillaries (single cell thick blood vessels) that bring CO2 rich blood to the lungs, while taking O2 rich blood to all cells of the body. Can you explain what is happening in this picture?
Thursday in class we reviewed diffusion (movement from high to low concentration -ex gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries). We also reviewed how the pressure change in inhalation and exhalation works via the diaphragm.
Inhale - pressure is higher outside so air rushes in as the diaphragm contracts and pulls down to make the thoracic cavity larger to allow the lungs to expand. (Inspiration in the video below)
Exhale - pressure is higher in the lungs so air is forced out by the diaphragm relaxes and making the thoracic cavity smaller. (Expiration in the video below)
Finally, we began to delve into the structure and function of the respiratory system. Remember structure and function is one of our main topics this term. Here are a few that we talked about on Thursday. We will finish the parts on Saturday.
Mouth - take in air
Nose -takes in air and lined with mucus membranes and hairs to filter particles out, the blood also warms the air (remember air then goes through the pharynx/larynx - Saturday)
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea - tubular and ridged with cartilage. allows air to get to the lungs and the rings prevent it from closing
Bronchi (2)
Bronchioles
Aveoli - stretchy air sacs with lots of surface area "bunch of grapes." where gas exchange happens. high surface area allows for more exchange, while the stretch allows for expansion when filled with gases.
