Design lab - Enzymes and how they work

On Tuesday you designed your own lab to test if different fruit juices had proteolytic enzymes. Your reasoning was that like pineapple juice, orange, grapefruit, and lemon were all acidic and that could correlate with the presence of the enzyme.

Below is your Protocol
Materials
Pineapple HT/RT, Orange HT/RT, Grapefruit HT/RT, Lemon (pasteurized) HT/RT.
9 Test tubes
Hotplate, beaker with water
Gelatin (source of the collagen)
Kettle to heat water
Thermometer
Clamp
Water
Tape, Marker

Methods
1. Label test tubes (Pineapple HT/RT, Orange HT/RT, Grapefruit HT/RT, Lemon (pasteurized) HT/RT, water)
2.  Prepare Gelatin, mix in 1 packet of gelatin with 1/4 cold water and stir to somewhat dissolved. Then add in 3/4 cup of hot/boiling water and stir till all dissolved. Let cool to RT.
3. Turn on hot plate to high
3. Pipette 3 mL of each juice into appropriate tubes
4. Place the tubes labeled HT into the beaker on the hot plate. When the temp reaches 85C remove the tubes and cool them to RT
5. Add 10 mL of gelatin to each tube (both RT and HT)
6. Place tubes in rack then in fridge
7. Clean up your bench space!


Results!
Below are your results. Can you answer the following questions?

Pineapple design results from lvilleDrFox


1. What claim can you make based on the results and the results from your previous lab?
2. What is your evidence for this claim?
3. How valid is your research? How can you make it better?
4. If you wanted to redesign the experiment, what would you change?

Mutations/Protein Folding and Homework for tomorrow.

Today we reviewed translation and then talked about the videos you watched on Mutations and Protein Folding

HOMEWORK for tomorrow: Finish your electrophoresis lab

Mutations:

A change in the DNA sequence (Nucleotides or larger changes).

Can you identify the Fact or Fiction and explain?

¨ All mutations are bad…………………….¨ Mutations are a source of evolution…¨ Mutation can be silent……………………¨ Mutations only happen when DNA is exposed to things like radiation………………………..


What are the major types of mutation?

Point Mutations
Substitution - single nucleotide change 
Insertion - a base pair is added in the sequence
Deletion - a base pair is removed from the sequence

Both insertion and deletion can also be large chunks put in or removed

Duplication - a large section of DNA on a chromosome is copied. Is this always bad? Can the new portion gain a new function (after a LARGE time frame)

Translocation - the transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome. Remember the two chromosomes involved typically exchange pieces.

Can you answer the questions below?
1. What is the difference between Substitution and Insertion? Duplication and Translocation?
2. What is a silent mutation?
3. How is mutation involved in evolution?
4. What disease did we discuss that is a change in only 1 nucleotide and is the mutation only bad or does it help?
5. When will a mutation be heritable?

Protein Folding:

Today we talked about how the order and type of the amino acid in a polypeptide determines the folding structure of the protein

What are the 4 levels of protein folding?

Primary - string of amino acids

Secondary - alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Tertiary - final protein folding (+/- aa come together, hydrophobic aa go on the inside, hydrophillic go on the inside)

Quaternary - multiple proteins fold/come together to form complexes

Here is a good website to try more protein folding

Types of amino acids:
1. Charged (+/-)
2. Polar vs. Nonpolar
3. Special Cases